The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has brought numerous benefits, from reducing air pollution to helping us achieve net-zero targets. However, there is a growing concern among fire experts about the risks and potential spontaneous fires associated with these vehicles. In addition to EVs, electric scooters and bikes, such as e-scooters and e-bikes, have also gained popularity, leading to an increase in fires caused by lithium-ion batteries. Building and asset owners need to be aware of the dangers posed by electric vehicle fires, as they can be notoriously difficult to extinguish even for trained and experienced fire fighters.

The Risk of Electric Vehicle Fires

Electric vehicles are typically powered by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which have been in use since the early 2000s. Compared to traditional petrol and diesel vehicles, which have been around for over a century, there is still limited data and understanding regarding the safety of these batteries. While electric vehicles are generally considered safe, the main risk arises when the lithium-ion battery is damaged, such as through exposure to extreme heat or penetration of the battery cell wall. When a fire occurs, over 100 organic chemicals, including highly toxic gases like carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, can be generated, posing a significant threat to human life.

The Rise of Electric Vehicle Fires

Although fires caused by electric vehicles remain relatively low, there has been a noticeable increase in incidents in recent years. Data obtained through a Freedom of Information request revealed that the London Fire Brigade dealt with only 54 electric vehicle fires in 2019, compared to 1,898 fires involving petrol and diesel vehicles. Despite their limited occurrence, electric vehicle fires can be extremely dangerous and pose challenges for fire authorities. Traditional fire extinguishers may not be effective in extinguishing these fires, and attempting to do so without proper training can be extremely hazardous and not advised, even in the early stages of a fire due to speed and ferocity of lithium-ion batteries fires.

The Spread of Electric Vehicle Fires to Buildings

One particular concern for property insurers is the installation of high voltage electric vehicle charging points in close proximity to buildings and other infrastructure. Insurers are closely monitoring the associated risks and may request the relocation of charging points if they are not properly located. Failure to comply with insurer requirements can result in limited or refused coverage. To mitigate the risk of fire spread to buildings, careful consideration should be given to the location of charging points.

Recommendations for Locating Electric Vehicle Charging Points

Organisations should consider the following factors when deciding on the location of electric vehicle charging points:

• Notify insurers at the outset of the intent to install charging points to receive guidance and support and ensure compliance with insurance requirements.
• Whenever possible, locate charging points externally rather than under canopies or inside enclosed areas of buildings. However, in certain situations, such as environments with only basement car parking facilities, external location may not be feasible. In multi-storey car parks, charging points should be installed on the open air/roof/top deck, with appropriate fire protection provisions considered during the planning stage for car parks located below ground level.
• Charging should not be undertaken within 10 meters of any combustible materials, including waste materials, stock, or combustible elements of the structure.
• Charging should not be undertaken within 15 meters of hazardous installations, such as transformers, flammable liquid stores, and liquefied petroleum gas tanks.
• If separation or external location is not possible, consider alternative mitigating actions such as locating charging points away from external building walls with flammable cladding or decorative elements. Preferably, install chargers close to non-combustible walls, such as brick or single skin steel. Explore the use of non-flammable enclosures to separate chargers from buildings and structures. Remove flammable materials, such as shrubbery and waste storage, from the perimeter around charging points to minimise the risk of fire spreading.
• Ensure the designated charging area provides sufficient space for vehicles to park and connect safely.
• Verify that there is adequate electrical infrastructure to support the electrical supply at the point of installation. The circuit should be dedicated to the use of chargers and not part of a ring main or used for other purposes.
• Consider installing bollards or other measures to provide mechanical protection for charging points.

Additional Considerations for Electric Vehicle Fire Safety

In addition to the location of charging points, organisations should take the following measures to enhance electric vehicle fire safety:

• Nominate a suitably qualified provider to handle the installation of charging points and inform insurers of their involvement.
• Ensure that charging cables are positioned to avoid trip hazards and potential damage from passing traffic. This may require the relocation of access and walkways.
• Conduct a thorough fire risk assessment to identify and mitigate potential risks associated with electric vehicles and charging points.
• Install clear signage when multiple chargers are in use to facilitate safe and efficient charging.
• Clearly differentiate electric vehicle charging points from conventional charging points and rapid charging points, as the hazards associated with direct current (DC) fast charging require additional precautions.
• Provide employees with adequate training on the safe use of electric vehicle chargers.
• Include charging points in regular fixed wiring inspections, testing the system every three years and inspecting conductors annually. This is important due to irregular power usage, exposure to environmental conditions, and potential wear and tear on cables.

Conclusion

As the adoption of electric vehicles continues to grow, the risk of electric vehicle fires and the spread of fires to buildings is a concern that building and asset owners must address. It is crucial to update fire risk assessments and fire risk strategies when installing electric vehicle charging points or parking bays for electric vehicles.

Keep electric vehicles as far away from buildings as practically possible and notify insurers to ensure compliance with coverage requirements. Consult competent fire professionals for advice and follow guidance from the Health and Safety Executive and fire authorities to stay updated on best practices and regulations. By taking appropriate precautions and following safety guidelines, the benefits of electric vehicles can be enjoyed while minimising the risks associated with fires.